小语种学习【语法】过去分词详解~~ - Powered by Discuz!NT Archiver

blogger - 2008-10-3 16:39:00

根据动词的不同功能，动词可分为四大类：实义动词，助动词，情态动词，短语动词。下面依次看一看。
一　实义动词：

实义动词包括及物动词，不及物动词和连系动词---连系动词介于及物和不及物动词之间。

及物动词和不及物动词

一　定义：

A 有些动词只是及物动词; 它们不可以单独用，后面必须跟宾语。
{
False: They always want after lunch.
Right: They always want a cup of tea after lunch.
{
False: He is sending now.
Right: He is sending a letter now.
B 有些动词只是不及物动词；它们可以单独用，如果后面想接宾语，动词后面必须加上介词。
{
Right: He is looking around.
False: He is looking me.
Right: He is looking at me.
{
Right: He is listening carefully.
False: He is listening the teacher carefully.
Right: He is listening to the teacher carefully.
C 有些动词既是及物动词，又是不及物动词; 但是有时候词义会改变。
{
The customer is asking loudly.
The customer is asking for you now.
The customer is asking a question now.
{
If you work hard, you will succeed.
If you work hard, you will succeed in passing the exam (same meaning).
If you work hard, you will succeed John as the manager of this company (different meaning).

二　动词使用的建议：

当使用动词时，一定要分清楚这个动词属于哪一类 [动词分类]，然后再根据不同的使用规则使用不同动词。

系表结构

系表结构有两部分构成：连系动词和表语。下面分别解释一下：一　连系动词：
连系动词分为三类：be 动词，感官动词，趋势动词。
1) Be 动词：am, is, are, was, were
2) 感官动词：sound, look, taste, feel, smell
3) 趋势动词：appear, become, grow, get, turn, seem, remain
注意：
有一些动词既可以做连系动词又可以作及物动词和不及物动词。

He is growing very fast. ---不及物动词
I am growing apples in my backyard.---及物动词
The sea is growing rough.---连系动词
He is tasting the food.--- 及物动词

The food tastes good.--- 连系动词
二　表语：
下列成分都可以做表语：名词，形容词，副词，动词不定式，动名词，现在分词，过去分词，表语从句．

使用举例(注意：连系动词不能够单独作谓语，他们必须和表语一起工作构成谓语):
1) 名词:
　 False： I am.
　 Right： I am a student.
2) 形容词：
　 False： He became.
　 Right： He became strong.
3) 副词：
　 False： She remained.
　 Right： She remained there.
4) 现在分词：
　 False： The story seemed.
　 Right: The story seemed interesting.
5) 过去分词：
　 False： The windows seemed.
　 Right: The windows seemed broken.
6) 动名词：
　 False： His job is teach English.
　 Right: His job is teaching English.
7) 动词不定式：
　 False： Her plan is become the winner in the game.
　 Right: Her plan is to become the winner in the game.
　 6）和7）的区别：

　 6）中动名词表示某人经常干某事：她从星期一到星期五天天教英语；
　 7）中动词不定式表示某人将要干某事：她的计划是将要成为比赛的胜者。
8) 表语从句：
　 False：The question is.
　 Right: The question is whether he will come here in time tomorrow.
　 Right: The question is what he is going to do next.
　 Right: The question is how he has managed to solve the problem by himself.

二　助动词：

当我们提起助动词，它的功能顾名思义就是帮助实义动词---帮助实义动词改变时态，单复数，说话者的意思（变成否定句和疑问句）。助动词主要有：do(does, did), be(am, is, are, was, were), have(has, had), shall (should), will (would).

1）改变时态
He always gets up at 6am.
He will get up at 6am.
He would get up at 6am.
He is getting up now.
He was getting up.
He has already got up.
He had already got up.

2）改变单复数
I am getting up now
You are getting up now.
He is getting up now.
They are getting up now.

I have done this job.
You have done this job.
He has done this job.

I was wrong.
You were wrong.
She was wrong.
They were wrong.

3）肯定变否定
He always plays football.
He doesn’t always play football.

He played football yesterday.
He didn’t play football yesterday.

He is working now.
He is not working now.

He has finished this job.
He has not finished this job.

He will do this job.
He will not do this job.

4）提问
He always plays football.
Does he always play football?

He played football yesterday.
Did he play football yesterday?

He is working now.
Is he working now?

He has finished this job.
Has he finished this job?

He will do this job.
Will he do this job?

三　情态动词

情态动词表示说话人的感情，需要，态度等。情态动词的最大特点是后面必须加动词原形。
主要的情态动词有：can (只有过去时could), be able to（有各种时态）, may (只有过去时might), must, should, ought to

1 can (could), be able to
　Can 表示能够干某事。

1 He can repair computers.

2 She told me that he could repair computers.

3 He could run very fast 10 years ago.

　Can 表示允许干某事。

1 You can go home now.

2 You can use my computer, but you have to return it back to me tomorrow.

　Can 表示可能性和猜测。

1 He can be right.

2 They can be twins.

　Could 除了作can的过去时，还表示说话者委婉的语气。

1 Could I give you a hand to lift this heavy box upstairs?

2 Could you be very kind to give me a hand please?

3 Could you please turn down the radio a little bit?

　Be able to 表示能够干某事，可以有各种时态。

1 He is able to repair computers.

2 He will be able to go home in two moths.

3 He has been able to speak fluent English for two years.

4 He told me that he had been able to drive a truck for two years.

2 may (might)
　May 表示允许。

1 You may use my computer.

2 May I smoke in this room?

3 He told me that I might smoke in this room.

4 He told me that I might use his computer for two days.

　Might 除了是may 的过去式，还表示说话者委婉的语气。

1 Might I smoke here?

2 Might I use your computer?

3 must, should, ought to, have to (has to)
　　Must, should, ought to表示由于主观原因而必须干某事，强烈程度从must到ought to依次递减。他们只有一　
　种时态。

You must go there.
You must not go there.
Must I go there?

You should go there.
You should not go there.
Should I go there?

You ought to go there.
You ought not (to) go there.
Ought I(to) go there?

Have to (has to) 表示由于客观原因而必须干某事，它有各种时态。

1 I have to finish my homework now./ He has to finish his homework now.

2 I do not have to finish my homework now./ He does not have to finish his homework now.

3 Do I have to finish my homework now?/ Does he have to finish his homework now?

4 I had to finish my homework yesterday./ He had to finish his homework yesterday.

5 I will have to finish my homework tomorrow./ He will have to finish his homework tomorrow.

比较 may 和 must

May 和must 都表示猜测和可能性。May暗含不确定，Must暗含很可能。

1）对现在发生的事情的猜测

　　He may be right now.
　　他现在可能是对的。

　　He must be right now.
　　他现在一定是对的。

2）对过去发生的事情的猜测

　　He may have done that math question before.
　　他以前可能做过那道数学题。

　　He must have done that math question before.
　　他以前肯定做过那道数学题。

特别注意

第一个句子表示应该干的事而没干，第二个句子表示不应该干的事而干了.

　1) You should have finished this job.
　　你早应该做完这份工作了。

　　2) You should not have lied.
　　　你不应该撒谎。

四　词组动词:

词组动词就是动词加介词或者副词构成的固定词组。它的功能相当于一个普通动词。

Take off
Put down
Get over
Think over

动词+副词

Look for
Look after
Listen to
Care for

动词+介词

１　The plane will take off at 9am.

２　Please put down your hat on the table.

３　He is looking for his pen.

４　They are listening to the teacher carefully.

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